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student engagement
Student engagement occurs when "students make a psychological investment in learning. They try hard to learn what school offers. They take pride not simply in earning the formal indicators of success (grades), but in understanding the material and incorporating or internalizing it in their lives."〔Newmann, F. (1992) ''Student Engagement and Achievement in American Secondary Schools''. Teachers College Press. pp. 2–3.〕 Since the College Dropout rates in US are 8.9% It is increasingly seen as an indicator of successful classroom instruction, and as a valued outcome of school reform. The phrase was identified in 1996 as "the latest buzzword in education circles."〔Kenny, G. Kenny, D. and Dumont, R. (1995) ''Mission and Place: Strengthening Learning and Community Through Campus Design.'' Oryx/Greenwood. p. 37〕 Students are engaged when they are involved in their work, persist despite challenges and obstacles, and take visible delight in accomplishing their work.〔Schlechty, P. (1994). "Increasing Student Engagement." Missouri Leadership Academy. p. 5.〕 Student engagement also refers to a "student's willingness, need, desire and compulsion to participate in, and be successful in, the learning process promoting higher level thinking for enduring understanding."〔Bomia, L., Beluzo, L., Demeester, D., Elander, K., Johnson, M., & Sheldon, B. (1997). "The impact of teaching strategies on intrinsic motivation." Champaign, IL: ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education. p. 294.〕 Student engagement is also a usefully ambiguous term that can be used to recognize the complexity of 'engagement' beyond the fragmented domains of cognition, behaviour, emotion or affect, and in doing so encompass the historically situated individual within their contextual variables (such as personal and familial circumstances) that at every moment influence how engaged an individual (or group) is in their learning.
==Definitions==
Student engagement is frequently used to, "depict students' willingness to participate in routine school activities, such as attending class, submitting required work, and following teachers' directions in class."〔Chapman, E. (2003) "Assessing student engagement rates," ERIC Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation. ERIC identifier: ED482269.〕 However, the term is also increasingly used to describe meaningful student involvement throughout the learning environment, including students participating in curriculum design, classroom management and school building climate.〔Fletcher, A. (2005) ''(Guide to Students as Partners in School Change. )'' Olympia, WA: SoundOut. Retrieved 2/20/08.〕 It is also often used to refer as much to student involvement in extra-curricular activities in the campus life of a school/college/university which are thought to have educational benefits as it is to student focus on their curricular studies.〔Donald Markwell (2007), ''A large and liberal education': higher education for the 21st century'', Melbourne: Australian Scholarly Publishing & Trinity College, University of Melbourne.〕
In a number of studies student engagement has been identified as a desirable trait in schools; however, there is little consensus among students and educators as to how to define it.〔Taylor, L., & Parsons, J. (2011). Improving Student Engagement. Current Issues in Education, 14(1), p.5.〕 A number of studies have shown that student engagement overlaps with, but is not the same as, student motivation.〔Sharan, S. Shachar, H. and Levine, T. (1999) ''The Innovative School: organization and instruction. Praeger/Greenwood. p. 85.''〕
Definitions usually include a psychological and behavioral component. Student engagement is used to discuss students' attitudes towards school, while student ''dis''engagement identifies withdrawing from school in any significant way.〔Willms, J.D. (2003) ''Student Engagement at School: a sense of belonging and participation: Results from PISA 2000.'' Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. p. i.〕
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